Helen as Angel and Rebel in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall Essay -- Tenan

Helen as Angel and Rebel in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall In nineteenth century England, the lives of people were totally extraordinary. The ladies had not many - or no - rights and the man had total control over his better half and youngsters. He even reserved the options to his significant other's salary or legacy! The main adequate route for a lady to lead her life was to be a social character, a supporting spouse and cherishing mother, so to talk a holy messenger in the house. The expression the heavenly attendant in the house alludes to Coventry Patmore's sonnet with a similar name. The sonnet portrays the perfect of an adoring, unselfish, (explicitly) inactive and delicate lady, who was strict and committed to satisfy her better half: Man must be please; however him to if you don't mind is lady's pleasure - And on the off chance that he once, by disgrace oppress'd [sic!], an agreeable word presents, she inclines and sobs against his bosom, and assumes the transgression was hers - she cherishes with adoration that can't tire.... This w as the main worthy lifestyle for a lady and in this article I talk about whether Helen Graham ought to be depicted as a holy messenger or a renegade, and to what degree she satisfies the models for a lady's crucial nineteenth century England. What precisely was ladies' strategic the nineteenth century? The response to this inquiry can be found in the some alleged lead books, which were composed by ladies for ladies during the nineteenth century. These books were composed for the white collar class and expressed how a lady should act and carry on. The decision we can make from these books is that a lady's obligation and strategic life was to be the strict and good piece of the family unit, to be a decent mother and a supporting and caring spouse. One creator who composed regarding the matter of lady's crucial dut... ...tions so as to spare her posterity from growing up under his dad's impact. She would likely have remained by her better half considerably more in the event that it had not been for their child. By later coming back to her debilitated spouse, she by and by assumes the job of a great wife, yet demonstrates no regret to what she has done. At the point when he passes on, Helen is at long last compensated by realizing that she has satisfied her obligation as his better half and her strategic a lady and can go on with her life and the joy that anticipates her. As I would like to think, she is a genuine courageous woman and a heavenly attendant like agitator. Â Book index: Brontã «, Anne. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall Ellis, Sarah Stickney: The ladies of England Patmore, Coventry: The Angel in the House from Representations of ladies in Whitman and his way of life. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~heidkamp/women.html (Internet). Oct 15, 2000. Perkin, Joan: Victorian ladies

what is reflective accounts

what is intelligent records The legitimate and authoritative necessity on similarly, assorted variety, separation and right are, when u working with your collaborator or colleague you ought to give equivalent right to everyone. I need to check the batteries of the derrick, brake of the wheelchair, give safe condition to shield my administration client from any damage. My obligations and reponisibitilies are to give safe condition and safe from hazard for example on the off chance that my administration client spill the tea on the floor so I should clean it promptly and put wet sign so I can safe my administration client or other descending. Information insurance 1998, for example On the off chance that I see any wound on my administration client so I should report it, advise it and record it and put sign and date to secure myself. On the off chance that I’m moving my administration client from seat to bed so I need to check the brakes of the seat and the bed so he/she should safe from hazard. In the event that the floor is wet so I need to put wet sign on the floor so shield me and my collaborator from any peril, hurt. For example one morning it was offering wash to my administration client and I forgot about the shower gel the cabinet following couple of moments I saw my administration client attempting to open it I took it from her and I secured in the pantry. Presently forward at whatever point I offer wash to my administration client I kept things appropriately. For example once my administration client had a fall so I called for help is reamed boisterously for help I was with my administration client constantly so my other staff came to support me .so my staff nurture she checked all the body part observe any wounds, at that point she took perception, we put him on the bed by lift. The reason for mastermind a management its useful for each staff include in episodes and emergencies.E.g if fire happened so every staff realizes what to do how deal with the fire. Via care plan, by chief - associate - data book - Board On the off chance that I’m stress and misery so it impact on my work and I’m pass on work’s overlook my administration client and my associate. On the off chance that I’m going to work so I ought to be loosen up myself co-work with my colleague. In my work of spot, there is such a large number of various societies people,e.g. once one of my associate she is white, she said to me that she isn't go to Asian lady since she is from Asia ,so I said to her this is separation you shouldn’t do like this. You should give equivalent option to each assistance client since they all are equivalent to us. For example I need to empower my administration client in the event that they needs to go to shopping and express their needs and inclinations so they believe they are autonomy .They have option to communicate to their necessities and inclinations. I need to advance their wellbeing and care by instructing them to have appropriate feast and beverages, urge my administration client to eat anything they desire, as indicated by care plan. In the event that a diabetes administration client likes sweet tea I need to disclose to her or him that it isn't useful for your wellbeing, it is hazardous to your wellbeing. At the point when we as a whole are cooperating so at some point clashes happen we should resolve between one another so we can work appropriately. On the off chance that we can unravel it we ought to go director and look for help. I ought to include my administration client in exercises for example playing games,cards,music,painting,but while exercises I should see the risk,e.g if I’m messing around with my administration client I need to remain with them since they can place anything in their mouth or entire composition they drink the fluid. So condition ought to be sans danger. I need to store hardware for example on the off chance that I’m offering wash to my administration client and I left washing fluid outside the organizer so he/she can drink the fluid so I need to store the fluid when I finish my work. For example at the point when I go to work and go to my administration client to escape the bed I should wash my hand before I offer wash to my administration client and subsequent to giving him/her wash I should wash my hands to control the sullying and contamination. In my work of spot, I kept all unsafe and no-dangerous things in appropriate spot and hardware in legitimate spot and waste ought to be in clinical waste, similar to gloves, cover in yellow sack so we ought to secure me and administration client, collaborator from any dander and damage. For example in the event that I’m going to get my administration client out of the bed so as a matter of first importance I should check the brakes of the derrick, brakes of the wheelchair, batteries of the lift, so I shield me and my administration client from any mischief. In my work of spot, e.g one time abruptly fire happen a portion of the zone in the nursing home, so we as a whole come to gathering point we check the fire board and we find fire is which Zone so one of them go upstairs to check the Zone yet when we find it was bogus alert, Now we as a whole know whether in crisis what should we do. For example on the off chance that fire happen - emerge the alert - call 999 - illuminate staff working - never utilize the lift. Call for help shoutly - never disregard the administration client - make recuperation position For example on the off chance that fire happened I should break the glass so everyone realizes that it’s a fire alam.call for help shoutly clear the earth, don't utilize the lift.

a week in europe

a week in europe on friday, loud, incessant bangs and whirrs of the never-ending projects just outside my window keep me awake as i attempt to make our 6.033 report seem comprehensible. i look outside and see the same view ive seen for two years: briggs field, flat and green and fine but boring. the sun is uncharacteristically bright. missed readings and psets and reports and tests swirl in my head. they make me forget whats outside of campus: its the mid-semester bubble rearing its ugly head. i want to succumb into complacency but i have to finish these things swirling in my head so i sigh and sit down and maybe drink a calpico and finish them. i look outside and its dark. i need a break. i want to leave. on saturday, i pack enough clothes into the smallest suitcase i own, take the uber to boston logan, and join my friends. i take a plane far, far away, to a different country and a different continent and i forget everything about MIT for just one week and breathe a different kind of air. its almost magical. on sunday night, i return to rainy boston, taking the silver line bus to south station, then taking the red line home. i eat gogo curry at h-mart and walk to next house, which looks so artificial and strange and different from the bustle of stephansplatz or the shops of amsterdam. but its fine: after two or so days, im used to it again, and the magic is over, and i snap out of my trance. back to the grind, back to the bubble. but this time, it seems more bearable. things will be okay. Post Tagged #europe #spring break #travel

Welcome Home - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2224 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Welcome Home, Soldier by  PaulieG © I was finally going home. After a year in Iraq, I was going home to my beautiful wife. Little did I know that not only had the war changed me, but my home life would change too. Genneveve, or Gennie as everyone called her is 11 years younger than me. At 38, I marveled at the fact that she still didnt look a day over 25. Standing 5-7 with coal black hair contrasting with her nearly translucent smooth white skin, the contrasts didnt stop there. Every bit a woman, she acted like a young virginal girl in the bedroom, until she was close to cumming, then she turned into the dirtiest mouthed whore youve ever heard. Gennies tits are not large but they jut out and stand proud like an 18 year old girl, and her bee stung pink puffy nipples tend to make a grown man salivate when he first sees them. Her flaring hips, and rounded butt, taper down to long shapely legs, which stay that way from frequent trips to the gym. Gennie is hot. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Welcome Home" essay for you Create order After a 20 hour flight home, a week spent following painted lines throughout processing, and a four hour flight back to my hometown, I walked up the jetway and out to the baggage area where Gennie greeted me like we were home alone in our bedroom. Jumping up and wrapping those legs for days around my waist, her pussy mashed into my thickening cock and immediately I detected two things: My wife wasnt wearing panties, and her pussy was dripping pussy juice, making a rather large, rather noticeable wet spot on my uniform pants. Forcing her tongue into my mouth like she was trying to give me a dental exam, she crushed her two tits into my chest and I could clearly feel her hardened nipples drilling into my skin. After the kiss ended, I was somewhat embarrassed by the spontaneous applause from the rest of the people waiting for their luggage, which was nothing, compared to the huge wet spot I had to wear out of the airport, as we walked to the car. Gennie waited until we got through paying the parking attendant before she flung her hands into my lap and, unzipping my pants, reached in to pull out my already hardening cock. Gennie then leaned over and engulfed my exposed cock like it was on fire, and the only way to put it out, was with her hot wet mouth. Her full lips thinned as she closed them over the flared head. Using her hand to encircle the shaft, she started to suck and jack my cock in earnest. I groaned as less than a minute later I released a years worth of pent up cum into her mouth. Try as she might, she just couldnt swallow fast enough to get all my cum down her throat. A puddle formed in my lap, as the last spurt entered her hot mouth. She lovingly caressed my cock, then bent further to clean up the puddle with her tongue. As she sat up, I noticed another huge wet spot on my pants. Somehow this one didnt bother me as much. Her belly filled with my cum, she said, You needed to get rid of that one so you can last longer when we get home. When we pulled into the driveway, she got out of the car and raced into the house. I struggled to my unsteady feet, and got the bags from the trunk before I headed inside. Upon entering the door, I received a shock that caused a triple reaction. First I dropped the bags, then my mouth fell open, and last but certainly not least, my cock got instantly hard. Standing in the middle of the living room, my wife was bare ass naked, but that wasnt what caused my jaw to drop, or create an instant hard on. On both sides of my wife were our next door neighbors, Chris and Tiffany, both of them were nude also. Chris and Tiffany moved in next door a year before I deployed to Iraq. Both in their early twenties, both extremely vivacious, and good looking, they were a hard bodied couple that had both my wife, and I drooling over them each time we saw them. Chris is 6-4 with brown hair, green eyes, a strong jaw line, and a weight lifters body. My wife used to look at him like he was a slice of chocolate cake that she couldnt pass by. Tiffany is sex personified. At 5-1, maybe 100 pounds, her red hair and green eyes would cause any guy to stop what he was doing and stare in lust. Her narrow hips and bubble butt, were not her only man attractors. Tiffany had a large chest with nipples that never seem to disappear, no matter what she was wearing. I hadnt failed to stop and stare every time I saw her before I left. Seeing them bare ass naked, fondling my wife in my living room, was just not the greeting I had expected after a year of abstinence. Chris had his fingers in my wifes pussy, his unbelievably thick 8 inch cock in my wifes tiny hand, as she attempted to pull it off of his body. Tiffany was behind Gennie, and though I couldnt see her body; was clearly naked. Tiffany had her arms around Gennie and had one of her tits in each hand, fondling them and caressing her nipples, as she kissed my wifes neck and looked into my eyes. Being a soldier, and utilizing the army principle of adapt and overcome, I did just that. Tiffany stepped out from behind my wife in all her naked glory. My eyes first went to her magnificent tits. I estimated that they were at least D cup size, but it was her nipples that got my attention. Brown from the sun, they protruded at least three quarters of an inch from her dollar sized areolas. As my eyes drank in her body, I noticed that she had no tan lines. Her mound, devoid of hair showed pinkness from her obvious state of arousal. The most amazing thing of all, and sight that moved me toward her was her very visible clit. Like her nipples, her clit protruded from the front of her slit by almost an inch. I moved forward toward her, not even realizing I was walking. Tiffany opened her arms, and smiling brilliantly, said: welcome home soldier. Without a glance at Gennie, I enveloped Tiffany in my arms and kissed her parted full lips passionately. My hands found her full tits as our tongues introduced themselves, and my fingers quickly explored her hardened nipples. Tiffany moaned into my mouth as I pinched and pulled on them, fascinated by their incredible length. Tiffany removed her hands which had been around my neck, and sliding them down my chest, soon found my hard clothing encased cock. Following her example, I released her left nipple and sliding my hand down her flat stomach, found very wet slit. It was at this time that I remembered my wife. Looking over at her I found her on her knees, sucking greedily on Chris enormous cock. Her tiny mouth looked like it was stretched to the point that her lips would tear. Chris cock was so wide I thought there was no way for her to deep throat it, like she frequently did to my seven inches. Gennie proved me wrong. I was astounded as I saw her move her face forward until her chin impacted his heavy balls. She paused a full 30 seconds, working on his cock with her throat muscles before sliding her hot lips back to where just the head of his jutting cock, was still a prisoner of her oral fixation. Not neglecting Tiffany, my fingers found her huge clit. It felt like a tiny cock and my thumb and index finger wanked it up and down as if it were a cock. Tiffanys knees buckled, and I lowered her to the floor, all the while continuing my assault on her lips, nipple and clit. Once she was on her back I release her tongue, and moved down to her wide spread legs, wanting to explore her clit and pussy with my mouth. I focused on her oozing honey hole as I shoved my tongue deep inside her, causing her to gasp as her fingers found her nipples, and roughly pulled them. I was like a man finding water in a desert, as my tongue licked and sucked every drop of pussy juice from the folds of her cunt lips. Tiffany was moaning continuously now as my assault on her hole caused her to lift her knees toward her chest and spread her legs wider, allowing deeper access to her tasty pussy. My lips moved up to her enlarged clit, as I eased two fingers into her tight hole. Wrapping my lips around her clit, I sucked on it like a tiny cock, flicking the end of it with my tongue. Tiffany screamed out her orgasm as the muscles in her pussy clamped down on my fingers like a vise. As she came down from the nerve shattering orgasm, I looked over at my wife to see how she was faring. Gennie was just in the act of lowering her steaming pussy onto Chriss angry looking cock when she caught my eyes on her. Her eyes closed and mouth opened wide as the huge cock head parted her pussy lips and lodged firmly into the entrance to her vaginal canal. Continuing lowering her hips, Gennie let out a primal groan as the steely cock buried so far into her pussy the tip of it pushed its way past her cervix and into her womb. Gennies eyes flew open, as she felt her cervix being forced open, and she paused, welded to his huge cock, before lifting up as she slowly began to ride his tool. Tiffany had recovered enough from her explosive orgasm, to reach between her legs and grasp my head trying to pull my up her body. Not one to disobey orders, I slid across her smooth lean body, and kissed her tenderly, as she reached between us, and guided my cock to the entrance of her tight hole. Tiffany hunched her hips upward, trying to capture my cock within her but I counter maneuver by pulling back, bringing a pleading whine from her throat and a pout to her lips. Just then, I lunged into her plowing deep within her tight pussy, causing her to scream in pleasure and pain as I breached her tight line of defense. Fuck me, soldier, fuck me hard, Tiffany yelled, as I began to piston up and down inside of her. Tiffanys pussy was the tightest, hottest, and most responsive pussy I had ever felt wrapped around my cock. On every stroke, she would raise her tight bubble butt off the floor to meet my forward thrusts. Her willingness, and can do attitude would surely earn her a medal if s he were in the army. I lifted her legs until her knees were touching her chest, and grabbing a handful of each ass cheek, I started to slam my cock into her as I felt the cum rise in my balls. Tiffany was cumming. Not just once, but continuously. Her orgasms ripped through her body, getting more and more intense as one faded and the next hit. The vise that was her pussy, refused to let my cock go as I finally began blasting her womb with artillery salvos of hot, sticky cum. I felt her go limp in my arms, as I crushed her beneath my exhausted body. I look deep into her eyes, to confirm she was alright, and noticed her beautiful flame, red hair, plastered to her forehead from her exertions. As my cock when soft, I rolled off of her, and she appeared fixed to the floor, as a combination of cum and pussy juice oozed out of her abused slit. I turned toward my wife and Chris, who were both screaming, as they reached simultaneous orgasms. Gennie was ridged, as she slammed down on to his cock, and her orgasm tore at her sanity. Chris screamed out his victory, pumping load after load of bubbling hot cum, into my wifes womb, while torturing her tits in his vise like hands. After our ability to reason returned, we moved slowly, together, to the living room sofas. Cocks dribbling the last vestiges of cum, abused pussies oozing out a mixture of cum and pussy juice, we flopped down onto the sofas. I buried my fingers into Tiffanys well fucked hole as she grasped my cock. Looking at my wife, I said; So what was this all about? Not that Im complaining. She just smiled, as the other two were, and said: We decided to do this last week after Chriss cock filled my pussy with cum and Tiffany recovered from my tongue. Welcome home warrior, welcome home. I knew right then that the wait had been worth it, and that I was on a new field of battle. One that was infinitely more pleasurable, and later, about nine months, would start a life, rather than costing any.

1. The Citation Is. Indusrial Revolution Overview....

1. The citation is: Indusrial Revolution Overview. Youtube. N.p., 18 Nov. 2011. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. . The video is about the Industrial Revolution time period. 2. This video was found in the chapter 20 video selection at the bottom of the study guide. 3. What is the geographic setting and historical time period? The setting took place in European countries, such as England as well as in North America during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The Industrial Revolution immensely changed society in several ways. The transformation went from society doing everything for themselves, such as creating the tools they used to the manufacturing of goods in factories. Many inventions were also created at this time to make life easier, but†¦show more content†¦(2 points each for 8 points) 28-32 A). European countries began the Industrial Revolution by inventing machines that were more efficient to do the jobs of individuals. Despite the efforts to keep the textile machines a secret with strict laws and guarding of the machines they eventually became an asset to North America also. In the eighteenth century two spies memorized how the machines were built and came to America to have copies made of the machines, the power loom and spinning machine. The secret was out and now the textile machines became beneficial to American because they were able to now produce cloth materials quicker than ever before. This relates to the chapter because it goes more in-depth on how America was able to copy the machines and use them for their own benefit. It is significant because this was one of the stepping stones that have allowed inventions to prosper all over the world. Spies are majority looked down on today, but back then America benefitted immensely during the nineteenth century . B). I think it is extremely interesting how European countries established the first Industrialization through the use of textile machines to create yarn and eventually cloth. People originally processed all of the yarn and thread by hand, which took a lot of time. Inventions/machines took over like the spinning wheel or water frame and made this process more efficient. Though this might seems like a good thing for society it also took

Toni Morrison’s Beloved Free Essays

Throughout Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved, there are many obvious themes and symbols. The story deals with slavery and the effects that the horrifying treatment of the slaves has on a community. Another major theme, apparent throughout the story, is the supernatural. We will write a custom essay sample on Toni Morrison’s Beloved or any similar topic only for you Order Now The notion of haunting is very evident since the characters are not only haunted by Beloved at 124, but are also haunted by their past. The story of Beloved is not only about freeing oneself of a ghost, but also about releasing one’s hold on what happened in the past. Sethe is the most severely haunted throughout the book, both by her past and by Beloved. Her past haunts her with what happened to her and what she did. She was beaten so badly that her back has a permanent blossoming scar, one that she calls â€Å"A chokecherry tree. Trunk, branches, and even leaves. Tiny little chokecherry leaves. But that was eighteen years ago. Could have cherries too now for all I know† (pg 16). The great significance of the scar on her back is that it is just one more thing she cannot see, but knows it is always there, similar to her past. Also, the line â€Å"Could have cherries too now for all I know† shows that she understands how she is not only stuck with her past, but that it is growing and affecting her in many different ways. The story revolves around the haunting of 124. Beloved’s presence is apparent to Sethe, Baby Suggs and Denver, and they live with it for some time. It is not until the day that Paul D steps into the house that things change. He wastes little time in antagonizing the spirit to leave. God damn it! Hush up! †¦ Leave the place alone! Get the Hell out! † (18). The spirit leaves, much to Paul D’s delight. This may have occurred because Paul D is not only a figure from Sethe’s past, but is also the first man to enter 124. Beloved is able to play off of Sethe’s own haunting, that of her past, to get what she wants. Sethe’s judgment was blurred as she focused primarily on the daughter she had murdered years ago. Beloved made ridiculous demands. A nything she wanted she got, and when Sethe ran out of things to give her, Beloved invented desire† (pg 240). Sethe wound up quitting her job, completely neglecting Denver, and completely neglecting herself as she dwindled away. Beloved, and her past, drained Sethe with their constant nagging. There is also significance to the word choices of the characters when talking of the past. It is clear they will never forget their past and what had happened to them. So rather than forget, they â€Å"disremember. † They push it to he back of their mind where they won’t think about it, but it is always there, waiting for them to â€Å"rememory† it. This shows how they will always be haunted by their past. Through the addition of a supernatural dimension in Beloved, Morrison pushes the limits of usual interpretation. The characters settle into believing the supernatural is normal. To them ghosts and premonitions is a way to understand the world around them and through this, Morrison is able to draw a comparison to one’s past and a troublesome ghost. ? How to cite Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Papers

Legal Forms of Businesses and Preferences

There are several legal forms of business that people may choose to start running. A decision about a certain form of business that an entrepreneur will choose depends on various factors. Some of these factors and situations are discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Legal Forms of Businesses and Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sole Proprietor In a situation when an individual feels like having full control of the business operations, for instance, making final decisions on key business issues, sole proprietor will be the best form of business to undertake (Legal Forms of Business Comparison, n.d). One person can start and manage this form of business with ease. The above scenarios are not common for the other forms of businesses. Remarkably, the other legal structures have more than one person in the management. As a result, it will lead to sharing of opinions implying that chances of using an individual’s opinion are minimal. General Partnership Preference of this form of business can arise in a situation when a group of people would like to run a business that they have full control over. Thus, each partner is actively involved into the managerial affairs (Legal Forms of Business Comparison, n.d). Moreover, in circumstances where people want to share losses, this form of business will be of preference to a one-person business. The above scenarios are applicable, since not all members are occupied in the managerial section. Regarding the issue of sharing losses, general partnership will be of preference to sole proprietorship because in the latter the owner bears all the losses. Limited Liability Partnership A scenario where a group of people would like to be partially responsible for the business losses can lead to the preference of this form of business. This is true when it comes to comparing this form of business organization to sole proprietorship a nd general partnership. Notably, in case of the business incurring debts the members in this form of business only become liable to a certain extent as opposed to the first two forms of business (Which Legal Form Is Best for Your Business?, Incorporation Article | Inc.com, n.d.). Limited Liability Company LLC This form of business perfectly suits those who want to minimize the paper work and find the best ways to pay taxes. This can be contrasted to an S corporation where maintaining of the records is hectic as the government imposes strict conditions on record keeping (Media, n.d.). Further, LLC is its own legal entity as opposed to S corporation, which have separate legal entities from its owners. This means that members of LLC can decide on how they will pay taxes, since they are part of the company. S Corporation When entrepreneurs want the business to continue operating even in cases of their deaths, S corporation will be the best option. This feature is the perpetual life of a company (Murray, n.d.). A form of business like a sole proprietor will cease to exist in case of the death of the owner. This characteristic coupled with that of separate entity treats the businesses and the members as independent from each other.Advertising Looking for assessment on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Franchise In case when a person requires gaining from an already established business and even needs more training, franchise will be the best option (Media, n.d.). In comparison to sole proprietorship, making a brand name in business requires tolerance. This does not happen in a short period of time. Additionally, the available resources that franchises are willing to invest in a person will make this form of business the best one. Corporate form Lastly, if one needs to raise more capital and develop self-confidence in investors, a corporate form of business will be of high preference. The regulations in the corporate’s board give more trust to all stakeholders (Media, n.d.). Compared to partnership and sole proprietorship, which do not have perpetual life, corporate form of business will be able to acquire more funds. References Legal Forms of Business Comparison. (n.d.). KCSourceLink. Web. Media. (n.d.). Business Models Organizational Structure | Chron.com. Small Business – Chron.com. Web. Murray, J. (n.d.). Businesses – Types of Businesses. Types of Business – Filing Business Taxes – Taxes and Legal Issues for U.S. Small Business. Web. Which Legal Form Is Best for Your Business?, Incorporation Article | Inc.com. (n.d.). Small Business Ideas and Resources for Entrepreneurs. Web. This assessment on Legal Forms of Businesses and Preferences was written and submitted by user Catalina M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and Harry by R. Timperley †English Essay

Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and Harry by R. Timperley – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley English Essay After reading ‘The signalman’ by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley I believe ‘Harry’ is a better ghost/horror story as it evokes more human fear by Timperley using elements of safeness and security as chilling clues as to who Harry really is. ‘The signalman’ is about a man working in a pre twentieth century train station. It starts with a combination of posing a puzzle and plunging into the action as it begins with speech from an unknown character. The story progresses to reveal the train worker has been visited by a ghost who brings premonitions of death. In the complication, when their life’s become involved with each others, the train worker speaks of the sightings to the traveller who then says he will come back to visit him the next day, when he does the train worker is dead and when his colleague describes how he attempted to warn him it is the same actions as the spectre had been making. In ‘Harry’ Christine James, adopted daughter of Mrs James, starts talking to a mystery shadow in her garden as Mrs James’ concern grows she seeks help from many different sources but each time is met by a rational voice or at times anger from her husband. Eventually she asks for information from the adoption agency that tells her Christine came from a family where her brother was named Harold. She then speaks with an elderly woman who claims to have known Harold; she says he will not rest until he has Christine with him. When Mrs James realises she is late to pick up Christine from her first day at school she arrives to find Harry has already been to the school and taken Christine. In both stories there were many examples of descriptive writing and literary devices to evoke an appropriate atmosphere for the story. In ‘The signalman’ the writer portrays the sun as an enemy by writing; ‘ So steeped in the glow of an angry sunset.’ The use of the word ‘angry’ suggests the sun is against the travelling man and does not want him to go any further. This quote also creates images of danger. The device Charles Dickens has used her is personification as I believe he wanted to capture the thought that the weather is acting as an almost human enemy. Also in ‘The signalman’ he describes body language in detail: ‘He had his left hand at his chin, and that left elbow rested on his right hand crossed over his breast.’ This passage emphasises the train workers reluctance to speak with the traveller and creates a clear picture of the man’s hostility towards people that may want to approach him. It also makes the man seem quite unfriendly and suspicious. Charles Dickens uses alliteration to vividly describe an oncoming train. Dickens does this to emphasise the inhospitable atmosphere, he writes; ‘ Just then, there came a vague vibration in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation,’ This is alliteration of the ‘v’ sound that allows you to almost hear the train emphasising the hollow atmosphere. This quote also incorporates senses as you can hear the sound the train is making and therefore can to some extent relate to what the traveller must be thinking about the surrounding environment. Dickens further evokes a dangerous, unpleasant and damp atmosphere by using specific individual words, he writes; ‘ The cutting was extremely deep, and un- usually precipitate. It was made through a clammy stone that became oozier and wetter as I went down.’ The word ‘oozier’ allows you to imagine the true extent of the dangerous wet conditions the traveller faces. The word oozier is also onomatopoeia that means the senses are involved when reading this passage as you can almost hear and feel the clammy stone squelching on his way down. The fact that the description of the journey to the signalman is relatively long means it gives the traveller enough time to question the signalman’s behaviour. This passage is an example of good descriptive writing as it incorporates all senses to evoke an inhospitable and dangerous environment. Charles Dickens also employs personification and alliteration to describe the shock the traveller feels when the signalman tells him of a recent death he has witnessed, he writes; ‘I could think of nothing to say, to any purpose, and my mouth was very dry. The wind and the wire took up the story with A long lamenting wail.’ The alliteration of ‘w’ and ‘l’ emphasises the empty hollow sound of the whistling wind. This clearly portrays the horror the traveller feels at the death. Dickens describing the traveller’s mouth as ‘dry’ reinforces the fear he feels at that point and allows the reader to create an image of the shocked traveller. R. Timperley also employs clever literary devices and descriptive writing to evoke an atmosphere. On the first page of the story Timperley uses a realistic description to create a vivid picture of Chris, she writes; ‘her little plump legs defenceless and endearing beneath the too short blue cotton skirt.’ This description allows you to imagine a clear picture of Chris’ short legs and ill fitting clothes therefore emphasising her innocence and age. This passage also makes readers understand Chris’ vulnerability and is an insight into Mrs James’ view of Christine. The writer also uses a clever realistic use of dialogue, Timperley writes: ‘Hello,’ she said. ‘I hoped you’d come †¦. Because I like you. How old are you? †¦ I’m only five and a piece †¦. I’m not A baby!’ The realism of this conversation means it is hard for Mrs James to be consoled by a rational voice, as it is difficult for Mrs James to imagine a five year old acting out such a realistic conversation by herself. This dialogue also allows the story to move on a step as Mrs James’ concern grows. The writer of ‘Harry’ uses normal everyday activities to show the gap developing between Chris and Mrs James: ‘Chris ran ahead of me. She looked up as if at someone beside her. For a brief, dreadful second, I saw a shadow on the pavement alongside her own- a long, thin shadow- like a boy’s shadow.’ This quote starts off by emphasising the distance forming, both mentally and physically, between Mrs James and Chris by writing Chris runs ahead yet also acts as provider of several chilling clues to showing Harry may be real. This passage is particularly powerful as Timperley uses dashes before describing the shadow and figure to prolong suspense and evoke real human fear. R. Timperley also writes that Chris talks of Harry while doing normal routine activities: ‘Harry’s my brother. He says so.’ She bent over the glass of milk and emerged with a smeary top lip. Then she grabbed at the biscuits. At least ‘Harry’ hadn’t spoilt her appetite!’ This quote emphasise the fact Mrs James no longer feels safe from Harry no matter where she is or what she is doing. Towards the end of this passage the writer puts Harry in inverted commas to suggest he has spoilt many aspects of their lifes. This quote is also another example of fear being found in comparative normality. Another example of good descriptive writing is when Timperley describes Chris’ attitude towards Mrs James: ‘Chris, stop this nonsense! Stop it!’ I struck her sharply on the arm. Her Crying ceased immediately. She stared At me, her blue eyes wide open and frighteningly cold. She gave me an adult stare that made me tremble.’ This demonstrates the contempt Chris begins to feel for Mrs James as she refuses to entertain the idea of Harry being real through her own fear. The quote also shows how Mrs James feels she can only express her thoughts of Harry to Chris through violence and outbursts of anger. Timperley uses personification twice to describe the white roses, she writes: ‘The roses glared whitely’ and ‘The white roses danced before my eyes and turned red.’ The first example of personification portrays a vivid picture of the roses to emphasise their importance in the story. In the second example personification is used to show the roses to be an almost human enemy and is used to describe when Mrs James collapses with fear and sunstroke. The writer says the roses turn red to symbolise danger and loss. The writer of ‘Harry’ uses a simile to describe the sun’s rays hitting Mrs James and the panic she faces, Timperley writes: ‘ The sun struck me like a hot blade.’ This simile is used as it compares the sun to a weapon that is cutting into Mrs James. The simile is also describes the sun as an enemy to emphasise Mrs James’ isolation and need for help. Both story beginnings were effective as both posed a puzzle and made the reader want the opening questions answered. In ‘Harry’ Timperley starts the story with a short sentence that immediately provokes a reaction: ‘Such ordinary things make me afraid.’ This statement provokes a reaction due to the fact that as readers we are curious to know what has made Mrs James afraid of ordinary things. Also in ‘Harry’ the brief description of the things Mrs James is afraid of intrigues readers: ‘Sunshine. Sharp shadows on the grass. White roses. Children with red hair. And the name- Harry. Such an ordinary name.’ Timperley has written the list with full stops in between each fear to emphasise their importance and so they do not detract fear from each other. This is also a good way to begin a story as the list consists of seemingly inoffensive things that have provoked an obsessive fear in Mrs James. In ‘The signalman’ Dickens uses a combination of plunging into the action and posing a puzzle to begin the story, he writes: ‘HALLOA! Below there!’ Beginning the story with speech was effective as it meant readers wanted to know where it came from and to who it was intended. Also in ‘The signalman’ readers want to find out the reason for the signalman’s strange behaviour, Dickens writes: ‘One would have thought that he could not have doubted from what quarter the voice came; but, instead of looking up to where I stood on the top of the steep cutting nearly over his head, he turned himself about and looked down the line.’ This is an effective beginning as it poses many questions to both readers and the traveller not only making you want to read on but allowing you to feel you can relate and have something in common with the traveller, a key character, meaning you want to start out on a journey along with him. In both ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ there are many cases of tension and fear building up to provoke a reaction in characters and readers. In ‘The signalman’ tension and fear is built up due to the signalman’s strange behaviour, Dickens writes: ‘He twice broke off with a fallen colour, turned his face towards the little bell when it did NOT ring, opened the door of the hut and looked out towards the red light near the mouth of the tunnel.’ This builds up tension and fear as there is no rational explanation for the signalman’s behaviour and is a chilling insight into his insecurities which means the reader and traveller feel unsafe and are forced to be taken out of their secure environment. This passage is also an example of tension and fear building up as in the story the signalman is described as good at his job and intelligent so when he begins to react strangely to everyday occurrences it becomes even more curious. Also in ‘The signalman’ tension is built up when the train worker admits he used to be a contented man but now is not, Dickens writes: ‘You almost made me think that I have met with a contented man.’ ‘I believe I used to be so,’ he rejoined, in the low voice in which he had first spoken; ‘but I am troubled, sir, I am troubled.’ This is a good example of tension and fear building up as the signalman tells the traveller ha is ‘troubled’ but does not specify why he is which leaves readers to imagine what it could be and to piece together previous clues. Tension and fear is also built up when the signalman quizzes the traveller about his previous actions, which the train worker views as suspicious for an unknown reason, Dickens writes; ‘What made you cry ‘Halloa below there! Tonight?’ ‘Heavens knows,’ said I ‘I cried something to that effect-‘ ‘Not to that effect, sir. Those were the very words. I know them well.’ Tension is built up here as what the traveller sees as innocent words of greeting the train worker views as sinister. This quote also builds up tension and fear due to the fact that as readers we know something is wrong but we are not clear on what so this passage leaves us to dread what we read next. Tension and fear is also built up effectively in ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley. In ‘Harry’ tension and fear is built up from the very beginning as at the start of the story, Timperley writes: ‘And the name – Harry. Such an ordinary name. Yet the first time Christine mentioned the name, I felt a premonition of fear.’ This builds up fear as we know nothing of Harry at this point however Mrs James already expresses how feared he is by her. This quote is also chilling due to the element of fear being found in such a normal name making readers feel vulnerable aswell as Mrs James. Tension and fear is also built up when Chris mentions Harry for the first time. The story says: ‘She said: ‘I must go in now. Goodbye.’ Then walked slowly towards the house. ‘Chris, who were you talking to?’ ‘Harry,’ she said.’ Fear develops here as Mrs James is unaware of who Harry is which indicates something is not right and makes readers wonder why Christine is so at ease with him. Another example of tension and fear developing is when physical evidence of Harry begins to become apparent, Timperley writes: ‘Chris ran ahead of me. She looked up as if at someone beside her. For a brief, dreadful second, I saw a shadow on the pavement alongside her own- a long, thin shadow- like a boy’s shadow.’ Fear is built up here as seeing physical evidence of Harry means it is no longer as easy to be consoled by rational voices. Fear and tension also develops here as the shadow also fits previous descriptions given by Christine. ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ share many similarities in order to evoke fear and insecurities. In both stories there is examples of rational voices attempting to console Mrs James and the train worker. In ‘The signalman’ the traveller acts as the rational voice. Once the train worker has told the traveller of the sightings, he says: ‘Why, see,’ said I how your imagin- ation misleads you.’ This is an attempt by the traveller to console the signalman. He tries to do this by suggesting the spectre is all in his mind and that the ghost does not really exist. The traveller also plays down the fear he feels by using informal language and a friendly tone. In ‘Harry’ there is also evidence of rational voices, one is Dr Webster. He says: ‘You see, every child needs company of her own age, and if she doesn’t get it, she invents it.’ This quote shows the doctor trying to console Mrs James by suggesting Chris has simply created an imaginary friend. In both cases the rational voices only relax the characters momentarily until they discover yet another clue to who Harry and the spectre really is. Both stories are also similar as Mrs James and the signalman feel isolated in their fear and pain and think there is no one who can truly understand their situations. In ‘Harry’ Mrs James feels she cannot speak to Mr James too much as in the past it has provoked anger and only served in making Mrs James feel foolish and isolated further. In ‘The signalman’ the train worker cannot inform his senior colleagues of his sightings as he believes they will think of him as mad and unfit to do his job any longer. Also in both stories readers and fellow characters begin to question both the signalman and Mrs James’ state of mind as their sightings torment them further, however, this is still not picked up on by the people closest to them. Stephen King would of approved of both ghost stories as they both met king’s criteria of what makes a good fictional ghost/horror story. Throughout ‘Harry’ Stephen king comment D applies, that states: ‘Horror fiction is a cold touch in the midst of the familiar, and good horror fiction applies this cold touch with sudden unexpected pressure.’ This comment applies as Timperley writes: ‘Even in the comparative security of the house- the house so strangely cold in this hot weather- I never let her out of my sight.’ This passage complies with King as Mrs James no longer feels safe in her own home due to Harry. This is effective as it makes readers not just characters feel insecure. King would also approve as Mrs Kings fears now reside in the familiar aswell as the unknown. R. Timperley’s ‘Harry’ also complies with Stephen King comment A: ‘They are all stories where the past eventually becomes more important than the present.’ This is applicable in ‘Harry’ as Mrs James becomes extremely concerned by Chris’ past, Timperley writes: ‘Who is this little loved stranger I’ve taken as a daughter? Who Is Christine?’ This is an example of Chris’ past becoming more vital than the present as it could hold an explanation of who Harry is and why Christine has become so obsessed with the idea of her new brother. In ‘The signalman’ Stephen King comment A also applies, Dickens writes: ‘Not to that effect, sir. Those were the very words. I know them well.’ This is a good example of the past becoming more important than the present as the root of the signalman’s suspicions of the words spoken by the traveller are from events previous to the traveller’s arrival. ‘The signalman’ also incorporates Stephen King comment C: ‘Horror stories are best when they are ambiguous and low key and restrained.’ This applies to ‘The signalman’ as the face of the spectre can never actually be seen by the train worker: ‘I never saw the face. The left arm is across the face, and the right arm is waved.’ This allows the reader to use imagination which means their worst fears can be seen in the ghost instead of someone else’s interpretation. It is also so there is still a mystery as to who or what the sighting is. ‘The signalman’ has a clever and very final ending. The traveller returns to find the signalman dead, he had been knocked down by a train after the driver had attempted to warn him by making the same hand gestures as the spectre. The signalman had been so scared by what he thought was the spectre he could not he could not avoid the oncoming train. This was an effective ending as it was powerful and had a clever twist. However, I felt ‘Harry’ had a better ending as it evoked more human fear due to the ambiguity of Harry and desperation of Mrs James. ‘Harry’ ends with Mrs James arriving late to pick Chris up, once she eventually arrives Chris’ teacher informs her Chris’ bother, Harry, has already been to collect her. The story finally ends with life going on around Mrs James although she personally still lives in fear of normal ordinary things. Both stories end with the main characters, Mrs James and the signalman, being left in isol ation. In conclusion I preferred ‘Harry’ as it evoked a sense of human fear by placing danger and insecurity in usually safe environments. However, both ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ met important criteria needed in the writing of a good ghost/horror story. The stories achieved this by taking the element of safety out of normal everyday places and making the feared ghosts ambiguous and low key. Research Papers on Critique of 'The signalman' by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley - English EssayLifes What IfsQuebec and CanadaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized Testing

A Profile of the Blue Button Jelly

A Profile of the Blue Button Jelly Although it has the word jelly in its name, the blue button jelly (Porpita porpita) is not a jellyfish  or sea jelly. It is a hydroid, which is an animal in the class Hydrozoa. They are known as colonial animals, and sometimes just referred to as blue buttons. The blue button jelly is made up of individual zooids, each specialized for a different function such as eating, defense or reproduction. The blue button jelly is related to jellyfish, though. It is in the Phylum Cnidaria, which is the group of animals that also includes corals, jellyfish (sea jellies), sea anemones, and sea pens. Blue button jellies are relatively small  and measure about 1 inch in diameter. They consist of a hard, golden brown, gas-filled float in the center, surrounded by blue, purple or yellow hydroids that look like tentacles. The tentacles have stinging cells called nematocysts. So in that respect, they can be like jellyfish species that sting. Blue Button Jelly Classification Heres the scientific classification nomenclature for a blue button jelly: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: CnidariaClass: HydrozoaOrder: AnthoathecataFamily: PorpitidaeGenus: Porpitaspecies: porpita Habitat and Distribution Blue button jellies are found in warm waters off Europe, in the Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, and southern U.S. These hydroids live on the ocean surface, are sometimes blown into shore, and sometimes seen by the thousands. Blue button jellies eat plankton and other small organisms; they are typically eaten by sea slugs and violet sea snails. Reproduction Blue buttons are hermaphrodites, which means that each blue button jelly has both male and female sex organs. They have reproductive polyps that release eggs and sperm into the water. The eggs are fertilized and turn into larvae, which then develop into individual polyps. Blue button jellies are actually colonies of different types of polyps; these colonies form when a polyp divides to form new types of polyps. The polyps are specialized for different functions, such as reproduction, feeding, and defense. Blue Button Jellies...Are They Hazardous to Humans? Its best to avoid these beautiful organisms if you see them. Blue button jellies do not have a lethal sting, but they can cause skin irritation when touched. Sources: Climate Watch. Blue Button: Porpita porpita. Larsen, K. and H. Perry. 2006. Sea Jellies of the Mississippi Sound. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory - University of Southern Mississippi. Meinkoth, N.A. 1981. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. SeaLifeBase. Porpita Porpita. WoRMS. 2010. Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Schuchert, P. World Hydrozoa database. World Register of Marine Species on October 24, 2011.

Retail Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Theatre - Essay Example enticing when the front stage, backstage, the script, roles, the setting, the light effects, and the characters all blend together to stage a play with a unique theme (Baron, Harris & Harris, 2001). Retailers have been trying to create theatre environments that involve opportunities for audience participation and interaction. This metaphor has been used by retailers to gain competitive advantage and as a means of differentiation in the highly competitive market place. However, a theatre has a very elite and specific audience whereas the retailers are trying to create a variety of customer responses and reactions. To what extent this metaphor is justified depends on the benefits that both the retailer and the customers derive. Pine and Gilmore point out that the use of ‘theatre’ was not metaphorical. They use theatre in the sense that â€Å"work is theater† not â€Å"work as theater† (Harris, Harris & Baron, 2003). A retail theatre is considered to be a fun experience aimed at creating excitement. There are certain retail themed environments which employ retail theatre concepts to encourage the consumers to animate the theme. Baron, Harris and Harris (2001) discuss about four different theatrical settings and it has been found that many retailers are actually using such settings to enhance the customer experience and encourage customer participation. In theatrical realism the audiences are voyeurs as they feel that they are looking into their own private world and they observe a very personal situation. Many retailers have been trying to implement this concept. Niketown creates a setting in which the physical exercise and sporting environment allow the customer to become engaged in the shopping activity (Sands, Oppewal & Beverland, 2009). Computer retailers such as Apple have also embraced this concept of realistic settings and have benefited in terms of increased sales and positive word of mouth. Warner Brothers, the sports retailer has set up a video screen

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY - Assignment Example From both excel, and the formulae, the mean is 50.8, which is different from the mode and the median, which are 58 and 57, respectively. However, the figures are roughly close to each other showing that is spent over 50 minutes everyday in physical fitness activities. The numbers are lower than I expected since I work out for a whole hour every day. This means that I spend a couple of minutes in switching from one activity to another. The time I spend in switching from one activity to another and the time I spend on different physical fitness activities add up to sixty minutes per day. The most effective measure of the central tendency, as far as the mean, median, and mode is the mean. This is because of the fact that it utilizes 100 percent of all the data in the sample (Walpole, 2010). The other measures of central tendencies, including the median and mode do not utilize all the information provided. Mean helps in performing further mathematical calculations thus helping in conducting more statistical tests. For example, it helps in the calculation of standard deviation, variances, as well as, significance tests. Additionally, it has an algebraic definition (Bertsekas, 2002). The mean is applicable in the probability theory to generate probability distributions. Such distributions do not utilize other measures of central tendencies including the median and the mode. Mean as well has some weaknesses, for example, the presence of outliers in the data lowers its accuracy. Its strengths, as a measure of central tendency, outweigh its weaknesses. To draw the box plot, one utilizes the 25th percentile, the 50th percentile, and the 75th percentile. The 25th percentile is the lowest score, which is greater than 25 percent of the scores. Using excel, the 25th percentile is 41. This means that the highest figure of the first 25 percent of the data is 41. The 50th percentile is equal to the median.

Fixed and random effects of panel data analysis

Fixed and random effects of panel data analysis Panel data (also known as longitudinal or cross-sectional time-series data) is a dataset in which the behavior of entities are observed across time. With panel data you can include variables at different levels of analysis (i.e. students, schools, districts, states) suitable for multilevel or hierarchical modeling. In this document we focus on two techniques use to analyze panel data:_DONE_ Fixed effects Random effects FE explore the relationship between predictor and outcome variables within an entity (country, person, company, etc.). Each entity has its own individual characteristics that may or may not influence the predictor variables (for example being a male or female could influence the opinion toward certain issue or the political system of a particular country could have some effect on trade or GDP or the business practices of a company may influence its stock price). When using FE we assume that something within the individual may impact or bias the predictor or outcome variables and we need to control for this. This is the rationale behind the assumption of the correlation between entitys error term and predictor variables. FE remove the effect of those time-invariant characteristics from the predictor variables so we can assess the predictors net effect. _DONE_ Another important assumption of the FE model is that those time-invariant characteristics are unique to the individual and should not be correlated with other individual characteristics. Each entity is different therefore the entitys error term and the constant (which captures individual characteristics) should not be correlated with the others. If the error terms are correlated then FE is no suitable since inferences may not be correct and you need to model that relationship (probably using random-effects), this is the main rationale for the Hausmantest (presented later on in this document). The equation for the fixed effects model becomes: Yit= ÃŽÂ ²1Xit+ ÃŽÂ ±i+ uit[eq.1] Where ÃŽÂ ±i(i=1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n) is the unknown intercept for each entity (nentity-specific intercepts). Yitis the dependent variable (DV) where i= entity and t= time. Xitrepresents one independent variable (IV), ÃŽÂ ²1 is the coefficient for that IV, uitis the error term _DONE_ Random effects assume that the entitys error term is not correlated with the predictors which allows for time-invariant variables to play a role as explanatory variables. In random-effects you need to specify those individual characteristics that may or may not influence the predictor variables. The problem with this is that some variables may not be available therefore leading to omitted variable bias in the model. RE allows to generalize the inferences beyond the sample used in the model. To decide between fixed or random effects you can run a Hausman test where the null hypothesis is that the preferred model is random effects vs. the alternative the fixed effects (see Green, 2008, chapter 9). It basically tests whether the unique errors (ui) are correlated with the regressors, the null hypothesis is they are not. Testing for random effects: Breusch-Pagan Lagrange multiplier (LM)The LM test helps you decide between a random effects regression and a simple OLS regression. The null hypothesis in the LM test is that variances across entities is zero. This is, no significant difference across units (i.e. no panel effect). Here we failed to reject the null and conclude that random effects is not appropriate. This is, no evidence of significant differences across countries, therefore you can run a simple OLS regression. EC968 Panel Data Analysis Steve Pudney ISER University of Essex 2007 Panel data are a form of longitudinal data, involving regularly repeated observations on the same individuals Individuals may be people, households, firms, areas, etc Repeat observations may be different time periods or units within clusters (e.g. workers within firms; siblings within twin pairs)+DONE_ Some terminology A balanced panel has the same number of time observations (T) on each of the n individuals An unbalanced panel has different numbers of time observations (Ti) on each individual A compact panel covers only consecutive time periods for each individual there are no gaps Attrition is the process of drop-out of individuals from the panel, leading to an unbalanced and possibly non-compact panel A short panel has a large number of individuals but few time observations on each, (e.g. BHPS has 5,500 households and 13 waves) A long panel has a long run of time observations on each individual, permitting separate time-series analysis for each_DONE_ Advantages of panel data With panel data: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ We can study dynamics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The sequence of events in time helps to reveal causation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ We can allow for time-invariant unobservable variables BUTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Variation between people usually far exceeds variation over time for an individual à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a panel with T waves doesnt give T times the information of a cross-section à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Variation over time may not exist or may be inflated by measurement error à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Panel data imposes a fixed timing structure; continuoustime survival analysis may be more informative Panel Data Analysis Advantages and Challenges Cheng Hsiao May 2006 IEPR WORKING PAPER 06.49 Panel data or longitudinal data typically refer to data containing time series observations of a number of individuals. Therefore, observations in panel data involve at least two dimensions; a cross-sectional dimension, indicated by subscript i, and a time series dimension, indicated by subscript t. However, panel data could have a more complicated clustering or hierarchical structure. For instance, variable y may be the measurement of the level of air pollution at station _ in city j of country i at time t (e.g. Antweiler (2001), Davis (1999)). For ease of exposition, I shall confine my presentation to a balanced panel involving N cross-sectional units, i = 1, . . .,N, over T time periods, t = 1, . . ., T._DONE_ There are at least three factors contributing to the geometric growth of panel data studies. (i) data availability, (ii) greater capacity for modeling the complexity of human behavior than a single cross-section or time series data, and (iii) challenging methodology. Advantages of Panel Data Panel data, by blending the inter-individual differences and intra-individual dynamics have several advantages over cross-sectional or time-series data: (i) More accurate inference of model parameters. Panel data usually contain more degrees of freedom and more sample variability than cross-sectional data which may be viewed as a panel with T = 1, or time series data which is a panel with N = 1, hence improving the efficiency of econometric estimates (e.g. Hsiao, Mountain and Ho-Illman (1995)._DONE_ (ii) Greater capacity for capturing the complexity of human behavior than a single cross-section or time series data. These include: (ii.a) Constructing and testing more complicated behavioral hypotheses. For instance, consider the example of Ben-Porath (1973) that a cross-sectional sample of married women was found to have an average yearly labor-force participation rate of 50 percent. These could be the outcome of random draws from a homogeneous population or could be draws from heterogeneous populations in which 50% were from the population who always work and 50% never work. If the sample was from the former, each woman would be expected to spend half of her married life in the labor force and half out of the labor force. The job turnover rate would be expected to be frequent and 3 the average job duration would be about two years. If the sample was from the latter, there is no turnover. The current information about a womans work status is a perfect predictor of her future work status. A cross-sectional data is not able to distinguish between these two possibilities, but panel data can because the sequential observations for a number of women contain information about their labor participation in different subintervals of their life cycle. Another example is the evaluation of the effectiveness of social programs (e.g. Heckman, Ichimura, Smith and Toda (1998), Hsiao, Shen, Wang and Wang (2005), Rosenbaum and Rubin (1985). Evaluating the effectiveness of certain programs using cross-sectional sample typically suffers from the fact that those receiving treatment are different from those without. In other words, one does not simultaneously observe what happens to an individual when she receives the treatment or when she does not. An individual is observed as either receiving treatment or not receiving treatment. Using the difference between the treatment group and control group could suffer from two sources of biases, selection bias due to differences in observable factors between the treatment and control groups and selection bias due to endogeneity of participation in treatment. For instance, Northern Territory (NT) in Australia decriminalized possession of small amount of marijuana in 1996. Evaluating the effects of decriminalization on marijuana smoking behavior by comparing the differences between NT and other states that were still non-decriminalized could suffer from either or both sorts of bias. If panel data over this time period are available, it would allow the possibility of observing the before- and affect-effects on individuals of decriminalization as well as providing the possibility of isolating the effects of treatment from other factors affecting the outcome. 4 (ii.b) Controlling the impact of omitted variables. It is frequently argued that the real reason one finds (or does not find) certain effects is due to ignoring the effects of certain variables in ones model specification which are correlated with the included explanatory variables. Panel data contain information on both the intertemporal dynamics and the individuality of the entities may allow one to control the effects of missing or unobserved variables. For instance, MaCurdys (1981) life-cycle labor supply model under certainty implies that because the logarithm of a workers hours worked is a linear function of the logarithm of her wage rate and the logarithm of workers marginal utility of initial wealth, leaving out the logarithm of the workers marginal utility of initial wealth from the regression of hours worked on wage rate because it is unobserved can lead to seriously biased inference on the wage elasticity on hours worked since initial wealth is likely to be correlated with wage rate. However, since a workers marginal utility of initial wealth stays constant over time, if time series observations of an individual are available, one can take the difference of a workers labor supply equation over time to eliminate the effect of marginal utility of initial wealth on hours worked. The rate of change of an individuals hours worked now depends only on the rate of change of her wage rate. It no longer depends on her marginal utility of initial wealth._DONE_ (ii.c) Uncovering dynamic relationships. Economic behavior is inherently dynamic so that most econometrically interesting relationship are explicitly or implicitly dynamic. (Nerlove (2002)). However, the estimation of time-adjustment pattern using time series data often has to rely on arbitrary prior restrictions such as Koyck or Almon distributed lag models because time series observations of current and lagged variables are likely to be highly collinear (e.g. Griliches (1967)). With panel 5 data, we can rely on the inter-individual differences to reduce the collinearity between current and lag variables to estimate unrestricted time-adjustment patterns (e.g. Pakes and Griliches (1984))._DONE_ (ii.d) Generating more accurate predictions for individual outcomes by pooling the data rather than generating predictions of individual outcomes using the data on the individual in question. If individual behaviors are similar conditional on certain variables, panel data provide the possibility of learning an individuals behavior by observing the behavior of others. Thus, it is possible to obtain a more accurate description of an individuals behavior by supplementing observations of the individual in question with data on other individuals (e.g. Hsiao, Appelbe and Dineen (1993), Hsiao, Chan, Mountain and Tsui (1989)). (ii.e) Providing micro foundations for aggregate data analysis. Aggregate data analysis often invokes the representative agent assumption. However, if micro units are heterogeneous, not only can the time series properties of aggregate data be very different from those of disaggregate data (e.g., Granger (1990); Lewbel (1992); Pesaran (2003)), but policy evaluation based on aggregate data may be grossly misleading. Furthermore, the prediction of aggregate outcomes using aggregate data can be less accurate than the prediction based on micro-equations (e.g., Hsiao, Shen and Fujiki (2005)). Panel data containing time series observations for a number of individuals is ideal for investigating the homogeneity versus heterogeneity issue. (iii) Simplifying computation and statistical inference. Panel data involve at least two dimensions, a cross-sectional dimension and a time series dimension. Under normal circumstances one would expect that the 6 computation of panel data estimator or inference would be more complicated than cross-sectional or time series data. However, in certain cases, the availability of panel data actually simplifies computation and inference. For instance: (iii.a) Analysis of nonstationary time series. When time series data are not stationary, the large sample approximation of the distributions of the least-squares or maximum likelihood estimators are no longer normally distributed, (e.g. Anderson (1959), Dickey and Fuller (1979,81), Phillips and Durlauf (1986)). But if panel data are available, and observations among cross-sectional units are independent, then one can invoke the central limit theorem across cross-sectional units to show that the limiting distributions of many estimators remain asymptotically normal (e.g. Binder, Hsiao and Pesaran (2005), Levin, Lin and Chu (2002), Im, Pesaran and Shin (2004), Phillips and Moon (1999)). (iii.b) Measurement errors. Measurement errors can lead to under-identification of an econometric model (e.g. Aigner, Hsiao, Kapteyn and Wansbeek (1985)). The availability of multiple observations for a given individual or at a given time may allow a researcher to make different transformations to induce different and deducible changes in the estimators, hence to identify an otherwise unidentified model (e.g. Biorn (1992), Griliches and Hausman (1986), Wansbeek and Koning (1989)). (iii.c) Dynamic Tobit models. When a variable is truncated or censored, the actual realized value is unobserved. If an outcome variable depends on previous realized value and the previous realized value are unobserved, one has to take integration over the truncated range to obtain the likelihood of observables. In a dynamic framework with multiple missing values, the multiple 7 integration is computationally unfeasible. With panel data, the problem can be simplified by only focusing on the subsample in which previous realized values are observed (e.g. Arellano, Bover, and Labeager (1999)). The advantages of random effects (RE) specification are: (a) The number of parameters stay constant when sample size increases. (b) It allows the derivation of efficient 10 estimators that make use of both within and between (group) variation. (c) It allows the estimation of the impact of time-invariant variables. The disadvantage is that one has to specify a conditional density of ÃŽÂ ±i given x Ëœ _ i = (x Ëœ it, . . ., x ËœiT ), f(ÃŽÂ ±i | x Ëœ i), while ÃŽÂ ±i are unobservable. A common assumption is that f(ÃŽÂ ±i | x Ëœi) is identical to the marginal density f(ÃŽÂ ±i). However, if the effects are correlated with x Ëœit or if there is a fundamental difference among individual units, i.e., conditional on x Ëœit, yit cannot be viewed as a random draw from a common distribution, common RE model is misspecified and the resulting estimator is biased. The advantages of fixed effects (FE) specification are that it can allow the individualand/ or time specific effects to be correlated with explanatory variables x Ëœ it. Neither does it require an investigator to model their correlation patterns. The disadvantages of the FE specification are: (a) The number of unknown parameters increases with the number of sample observations. In the case when T (or N for ÃŽÂ »t) is finite, it introduces the classical incidental parameter problem (e.g. Neyman and Scott (1948)). (b) The FE estimator does not allow the estimation of the coefficients that are time-invariant. In order words, the advantages of RE specification are the disadvantages of FE specification and the disadvantages of RE specification are the advantages of FE specification. To choose between the two specifications, Hausman (1978) notes that if the FE estimator (or GMM), ˆ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸_DONE_ ËœFE, is consistent whether ÃŽÂ ±i is fixed or random and the commonly used RE estimator (or GLS), ˆ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ ËœRE, is consistent and efficient only when ÃŽÂ ±i is indeed uncorrelated with x Ëœit and is inconsistent if ÃŽÂ ±i is correlated with x Ëœit. The advantage of RE specification is that there is no incidental parameter problem. The problem is that f(ÃŽÂ ±i | x Ëœ i) is in general unknown. If a wrong f(ÃŽÂ ±i | x Ëœi) is postulated, maximizing the wrong likelihood function will not yield consistent estimator of ÃŽÂ ² Ëœ . Moreover, the derivation of the marginal likelihood through multiple integration may be computationally infeasible. The advantage of FE specification is that there is no need to specify f(ÃŽÂ ±i | x Ëœ i). The likelihood function will be the product of individual likelihood (e.g. (4.28)) if the errors are i.i.d. The disadvantage is that it introduces incidental parameters. Longitudinal (Panel and Time Series Cross-Section) Data Nathaniel Beck Department of Politics NYU New York, NY 10012 [emailprotected] http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/beck/beck home.html Jan. 2004 What is longitudinal data? Observed over time as well as over space. Pure cross-section data has many limitations (Kramer, 1983). Problem is that only have one historical context. (Single) time series allows for multiple historical context, but for only one spatial location. Longitudinal data repeated observations on units observed over time Subset of hierarchical data observations that are correlated because there is some tie to same unit. E.g. in educational studies, where we observe student i in school u. Presumably there is some tie between the observations in the same school. In such data, observe yj,u where u indicates a unit and j indicates the jth observation drawn from that unit. Thus no relationship between yj,u and yj,u0 even though they have the same first subscript. In true longitudinal data, t represents comparable time. Generalized Least Squares An alternative is GLS. If is known (up to a scale factor), GLS is fully efficient and yields consistent estimates of the standard errors. The GLS estimates of _ are given by (X0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1X) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1X0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1Y (14) with estimated covariance matrix (X0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1X) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 . (15) (Usually we simplify by finding some trick to just do a simple transform on the observations to make the resulting variance-covariance matrix of the errors satisfy the Gauss-Markov assumptions. Thus, the common Cochrane-Orcutt transformation to eliminate serial correlation of the errors is almost GLS, as is weighted regression to eliminate heteroskedasticity.) The problem is that is never known in practice (even up to a scale factor). Thus an estimate of , ˆ , is used in Equations 14 and 15. This procedure, FGLS, provides consistent estimates of _ if ˆ  is estimated by residuals computed from consistent estimates of _; OLS provides such consistent estimates. We denote the FGLS estimates of _ by Ëœ_. In finite samples FGLS underestimates sampling variability (for normal errors). The basic insight used by Freedman and Peters is that X0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1X is a (weakly) concave function of . FGLS uses an estimate of , ˆ , in place of the true . As a consequence, the expectation of the FGLS variance, over possible realizations of ˆ , will be less than the variance, computed with the . This holds even if ˆ  is a consistent estimator of . The greater the variance of ˆ , the greater the downward bias. This problem is not severe if there are only a small number of parameters in the variance-covariance matrix to be estimated (as in Cochrane-Orcutt) but is severe if there are a lot of parameters relative to the amount of data. Beck TSCS Winter 2004 Class 1 8 ASIDE: Maximum likelihood would get this right, since we would estimate all parameters and take those into account. But with a large number of parameters in the error process, we would just see that ML is impossible. That would have been good. PANEL DATA ANALYSIS USING SAS ABU HASSAN SHAARI MOHD NOR Faculty of Economics and Business Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [emailprotected] FAUZIAH MAAROF Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia [emailprotected] 2007 Advantages of panel data According to Baltagi (2001) there are several advantages of using panel data as compared to running the models using separate time series and cross section data. They are as follows: Large number of data points 2)Increase degrees of freedom reduce collinearity 3) Improve efficiency of estimates and 4) Broaden the scope of inference The Econometrics of Panel Data Michel Mouchart 1 Institut de statistique Università © catholique de Louvain (B) 3rd March 2004 1 text book Statistical modelling : benefits and limita- tions of panel data 1.5.1 Some characteristic features of P.D. Object of this subsection : features to bear in mind when modelling P.D. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Size : often N (] of individual(s)) is large Ti (size of individual time series) is small thus:N >> Ti BUT this is not always the case ] of variables is large (often: multi-purpose survey) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sampling : often individuals are selected randomly Time is not rotating panels split panels _ : individuals are partly renewed at each period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ non independent data among data relative to a same individual: because of unobservable characteristics of each individual among individuals : because of unobservable characteristics common to several individuals between time periods : because of dynamic behaviour CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 10 1.5.2 Some benefits from using P.D. a) Controlling for individual heterogeneity Example : state cigarette demand (Baltagi and Levin 1992) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unit : 46 american states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time period : 1963-1988 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ endogenous variable : cigarette demand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ explanatory variables : lagged endogenous, price, income à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ consider other explanatory variables : Zi : time invariant religion ( ± stable over time) education etc. Wt state invariant TV and radio advertising (national campaign) Problem : many of these variables are not available This is HETEROGENEITY (also known as frailty) (remember !) omitted variable ) bias (unless very specific hypotheses) Solutions with P.D. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ dummies (specific to i and/or to t) WITHOUT killing the data à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ differences w.r.t. to i-averages i.e. : yit 7! (yit à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢  ¯yi.)_DONE_ CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 11 b) more information data sets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ larger sample size due to pooling _ individual time dimension In the balanced case: NT observations In the unbalanced case: P1_i_N Ti observations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ more variability ! less collinearity (as is often the case in time series) often : variation between units is much larger than variation within units_DONE_ c) better to study the dynamics of adjustment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ distinguish repeated cross-sections : different individuals in different periods panel data : SAME individuals in different periods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cross-section : photograph at one period repeated cross-sections : different photographs at different periods only panel data to model HOW individuals ajust over time . This is crucial for: policy evaluation life-cycle models intergenerational models_DONE_ CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 12 d) Identification of parameters that would not be identified with pure cross-sections or pure time-series: example 1 : does union membership increase wage ? P.D. allows to model BOTH union membership and individual characteristics for the individuals who enter the union during the sample period. example 2 : identifying the turn-over in the female participation to the labour market. Notice: the female, or any other segment ! i.e. P.D. allows for more sophisticated behavioural models e) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ estimation of aggregation bias à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ often : more precise measurements at the micro level Comparing the Fixed Effect and the Ran- dom Effect Models 2.4.1 Comparing the hypotheses of the two Models The RE model and the FE model may be viewed within a hierarchical specification of a unique encompassing model. From this point of view, the two models are not fundamentally different, they rather correspond to different levels of analysis within a unique hierarchical framework. More specifically, from a Bayesian point of view, where all the variables (latent or manifest) and parameters are jointly endowed with a (unique) probability measure, one CHAPTER 2. ONE-WAY COMPONENT REGRESSION MODEL 37 may consider the complete specification of the law of (y, ÃŽÂ ¼, _ | Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) as follows: (y | ÃŽÂ ¼, _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) _ N( Z_ _ + ZÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼, _2 I(NT)) (2.64) (ÃŽÂ ¼ | _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) _ N(0, _2 ÃŽÂ ¼ I(N)) (2.65) (_ | Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) _ Q (2.66) where Q is an arbitrary prior probability on _ = (_, _2 , _2 ÃŽÂ ¼). Parenthetically, note that this complete specification assumes: y _2 ÃŽÂ ¼ | ÃŽÂ ¼, _, _2 , Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼ ÃŽÂ ¼(_, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) | _2 ÃŽÂ ¼ The above specification implies: (y | _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) _ N( Z_ _ , _2 ÃŽÂ ¼ ZÃŽÂ ¼ Z0ÃŽÂ ¼ + _2 I(NT)) (2.67) Thus the FE model, i.e. (2.64), considers the distribution of (y | ÃŽÂ ¼, _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) as the sampling distribution and the distributions of (ÃŽÂ ¼ | _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) and (_ | Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) as prior specification. The RE model, i.e. (2.67), considers the distribution of (y | _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) as the sampling distribution and the distribution of (_ | Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) as prior specification. Said differently, in the RE model, ÃŽÂ ¼ is treated as a latent (i.e. not obervable) variable whereas in the FE model ÃŽÂ ¼ is treated as an incidental parameter. Moreover, the RE model is obtained from the FE model through a marginalization with respect to ÃŽÂ ¼. These remarks make clear that the FE model and the RE model should be expected to display different sampling properties. Also, the inference on ÃŽÂ ¼ is an estimation problem in the FE model whereas it is a prediction problem in the RE model: the difference between these two problems regards the difference in the relevant sampling properties, i.e. w.r.t. the distribution of (y | ÃŽÂ ¼, _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼) or of (y | _, Z, ZÃŽÂ ¼), and eventually of the relevant risk functions, i.e. the sampling expectation of a loss due to an error between an estimated value and a (fixed) parameter or between a predicted value and the realization of a (latent) random variable. This fact does however not imply that both levels might be used indifferently. Indeed, from a sampling point of view: (i) the dimensions of the parameter spaces are drastically different. In the FE model, when N , the number of individuals, increases, the ÃŽÂ ¼i s being CHAPTER 2. ONE-WAY COMPONENT REGRESSION MODEL 38 incidental parameters also increases in number: each new individual introduces a new parameter.

The Importance of Teaching Mathematics and Science in English (Ppsmi)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SARAWAK English for Academic Purpose (BEL 311) Prepared by, Lauraricka Brenda Benjamin 2010992969 IM 110 Group 3 B Title, The Importance of Teaching Mathematics and Science in English (PPSMI) Date of Submission, 16th of December, 2011 Lecturer’s name, Nurul Ain Binti Sulaiman The Importance of Teaching Mathematics and Science in English (PPSMI) IIntroduction The whole idea of a good education system is to prepare out children so that they are better prepared to face the challenges of globalisation, liberalisation as well as the fast development in today’s information and communication technologies. What it has done is given our students, from a very young age, a new sense of confidence when using the international language of communication and it given them a good basic grounding from which they can and they should, continue to improve their mastery of a major second language, apart from Bahasa Malaysia. Ministry of education malaysia, we are behind you. (2009). Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www. ppsmi. wordpress. com Aidila Razak. (2011, November 5). Page welcomes ppsmi decision, seeks details. Malaysia Kini. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from http://www. malaysiakini. com/news/180610 IIBody AOne reason for the importance of PPSMI is as the competitive advantage. 1. To pursue a high standard of English for Malaysia’s children to ensure that their future is secure. a)It is time that parents step up to the plate and make the future of their children the priority. b)It will help them a great deal in their future pursuit, whatever field they choose to pursue. c)If the government doesn't find a way to improve our poor English in school, we will be nowhere when countries like China catch up. Like it or not, we need to master English. (2011). Retrieved December 15, 2011, from http://malaysiakini. om/news/180639 Thesis Statement Topic Sentence B. Teaching Mathematics and Science using English as the medium of instruction at school-level, significantly improves the quality of learning experience leading to the improvement in the proficiency of learners in those two subjects. 1. Teaching school-goers Mathematics and Science in English will improve the student's understandin g in the two subjects. a)Most materials which integrate explanatory style of conveying information regarding scientific and mathematical matters are crated with English as the main medium of communication. )Teaching the subjects in English would have helped broaden students’ knowledge of new terminologies and improve their command of the language. (Cheah, 2009) Mozie, A. K. (2009, September 11). Digital Zone. Retrieved December 15, 2011, from http://forum. digitalpowered. net/index. php? showtopic=31621 Cheah, C. S. (2009, December 5). Parents unhappy over decision to revert. Retrieved December 15, 2011, from http://www. pagemalaysia. org/print. php? type=F&thread=29 Topic Sentence C. All Malaysians should be multilingual. 1. Students in Malaysia should know languages that are different from their ‘mother language’. This will be able them to talk many learn and know many languages that are useful when they pursue their study in high level especially in overseas institutions. a)English will help in communication b)Children learn languages much faster and can learn multiple languages when they are below 10. In fact, it is best before age 7. (Feizrul, as cited in Hiaw, 2011) Feizrul Nor Nurbi. (2011, November 1). PPSMI – quality vs. Language. Malaysia-today. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://www. alaysia-today. net/mtcolums/lettersurat/44624-PPSMI- quality-vs-language. IIIConclusion PPSMI was introduced not to improve the students' command of English but to ease the process of learning, understanding and acquiring knowledge in Science and Mathematics. (Goh, 2009) Goh, W. L. (2009). Teaching maths and science in english. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://drchua9. blogspot. co m/2009/07/teaching-maths-and-science-in-english. html Topic Sentence Restatement of the thesis ————————————————- References Aidila Razak. (2011, November 5). Page welcomes ppsmi decision, seeks details. Malaysia Kini. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from http://www. malaysiakini. com/news/180610 Cheah, C. S. (2009, December 5). Parents unhappy over decision to revert. Retrieved December 15, 2011, from http://www. pagemalaysia. org/print. php? type=F;thread=29 Feizrul Nor Nurbi. (2011, November 1). PPSMI – quality vs. Language. Malaysia-today. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://www. malaysia-today. net/mtcolums/lettersurat/44624-PPSMI- quality-vs-language. Goh, W. L. 2009). Teaching maths and science in english. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://drchua9. blogspot. com/2009/07/teaching-maths-and-science-in-english. html Like it or not, we need to master English. (2011). Retrieved December 15, 2011, from http://malaysiakini. com/news/180639 Ministry of education malaysia, we are behind you. (2009). Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www. ppsmi. wordpress. com Mozie, A. K. (2009, Septemb er 11). Digital Zone. Retrieved December 15, 2011, from http://forum. digitalpowered. net/index. php? showtopic=31621